I received my PhD in Behavioral and Neural Sciences from the Institute of Animal Behavior at Rutgers University in Newark, NJ in 1989. I then spent three years as a post-doctoral fellow at the Rockefeller University in New York, NY and one year as a National Research Council Fellow at the National Institutes of Health, before joining the faculty at the University of Maryland. I am a member of the University of Maryland Graduate School and the Center for Studies in Reproduction I am also a member of the Society for Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, the Society for Neuroscience, the American Physiological Association and the Endocrine Society.

My research program focuses on the influence of steroid hormones on the developing brain. During perinatal life, there is a sensitive period for hormone exposure during which permanent cytoarchitechtural changes are established. Males and females are exposed to different hormonal milieus and this results in sex differences in the brain. These differences include alterations in the volumes of particular brain nuclei and patterns of synaptic connectivity. The mechanisms by which sexually dimorphic structures are formed in the brain remains poorly understood.

We are currently investigating four broad areas:

STEROID MODULATION OF PROSTAGLANDINS IN THE BRAIN

A few years ago we made the surprising discovery that prostaglandins, in particular PGE2, are regulated in the brain by gonadal steroids and have a major impact on the masculinization of a particular region called the preoptic area. Prostaglandins are of enormous interest since their synthesis is the target of the most prevalent over the counter and prescribed drugs on the market today, the NSAIDs, or COX inhibitors. These include aspirin, Aleve, Vioxx, Coxib and many many more. We are now extending our initial findings to other brain regions and other functional outcomes.

RELEVANCE OF SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE BRAIN TO MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS

An individuals gender is a major predictive factor of relative risk to develop specific neurologic or mental health disorders. The incidence of autism, attention deficit disorder, Tourettes and early on-set schizophrenia are all significantly greater in males. Conversely, the frequency of major depressive disorder, general anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder and disorders of eating are all greater in females. An important distinction between these two cohorts of disorders is that those which are male biased tend to occur early in development, whereas those that are more prevalent in females generally do not occur until after puberty. By understanding the basic mechanisms establishing sex differences in the brain, we hope to provide novel insight into the etiology of these devastating conditions.

SEX DIFFERENCES IN PEDIATRIC BRAIN DAMAGE

A major source of brain damage to both premature and full-term babies is stroke, and males tend to fare worse in outcomes than females to the same injury. We have found that the gonadal steroid, estradiol, is a potent regulator of the response to injury in the developing brain, being neuroprotective under circumstances and actually exacerbating injury under others. We use calcium imaging of cultured neurons to investigate the detailed cellular mechanisms by which these changes occur.

STEROID MODULATION OF GLIA

We have found that the morphology of a subclass of glia, known as astrocytes, is markedly influenced by the hormonal milieu of the developing brain. Changes in the morphology of these cells has important consequences for the synaptic patterns established on the developing neurons. Astrocyte-to-neuron communication has emerged as a major regulatory feature of the establishment of sex differences in the brain.

We use a broad range of techniques, from behavioral analysis to the molecular level. Behavioral tests include tests of anxiety, sexual and maternal behaviors, learning and memory. We also frequently exploit the use of in vivo antisense oligonucleotide technology to alter gene expression during development. The detection of specific proteins in individual neurons by immunocytochemistry is routinely utilized, as real time PCR, Western blots and various other molecular approaches.

In collaboration which colleagues in the Department of Physiology we also conduct experiments on calcium imaging, fluorescent microscopy and live cell imaging. Recently we have been gaining expertise in electrophysiology.